How can anyone believe that a machine can think Essay Example For Students

How can anyone believe that a machine can think? Essay A knowledge issue that can be derived from this question is: do mathematical predictions obtained by machines such as computers or calculators constitute knowledge? One claim to this issue is that mathematical knowledge must be true because it corresponds to phenomena predicted by formulas and mathematical belief. For example, in the field of demography, models and formulas can be used to predict the growth and decay of populations. Mathematical information is critical to such predictions. By evaluating existing phenomena in population growth, computer models sanctioned by the UN were able to give the exact date that the world population surpassed six billion, on October 12, 1999 years in advance. This is evidence that observable trends and truths in previous data can be summarized and applied to other scenarios by inductive reasoning. This is a form of synthetic truth and a posteriori knowledge. In this sense, machines do have knowledge. They are able to summarize trends and indicate truths. An implication of this claim is that predictions made by machines hold true. This is often not the case, giving rise to the counterclaim that no truth exists in mathematical knowledge. The predictions of machines are purely theoretical. They are not obtained by perception, language, or emotion, three primary ways of knowing. The fourth way of knowing, reason, is also questionable in machines. The reasoning of mathematical models comes from the initial programming and setup of the computer. The reasoning required to construct a program to make sense of population data came from the people who designed the program. In a sense, the machine only takes that reasoning and extends it over more data than the people themselves could process. Wrong predictions also conflict with Platos definition of truth which holds that truth must be eternal. Once proven wrong, the truth is no longer eternal. Source: World at Six Billion. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. United Nations, n. d. Web. 19 Jan 2011. http://www. un. org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbillio n. htm#top. Does making a knowledge claim carry any particular obligation or responsibility for the knower? A knowledge issue that can be derived from this is: how important is the sharing of individual knowledge to the advancement of human knowledge as a whole? One claim that can be made is that without the communication of knowledge, people will continue to hold false beliefs and no advancement can be made. For example, the ancient Greek view of the brain, originally held by Aristotle, maintained that the heart was the center of intellect and the brain was simply responsible for the cooling of blood heated by the heart. The Greek physician Galen definitively proved Aristotle wrong in a series of experiments on sheep brains by demonstrating that injury to the brain affected sensory perception and cognition. Without definite proof from Galen, people may have continued to believe that the heart was the center of all intellectual activity. Many of Galens ideas were later proven wrong by other scientists, but he held the responsibility of spreading the beliefs he held to be correct. Knowers who understand a concept must spread their knowledge in order to advance the study of what that knowledge pertains to. If they are incorrect, they are also held responsible for having led the knowledge community astray and preventing any further advancement. If Aristotles idea had continued to be held as true, we would understand very little today about the way the mind works and treating mental disorders, something important to our society today. An implication of this claim is that only one person will attain a certain bit of knowledge. This is not necessarily true. A counterclaim is that more than one person can know the same bit of knowledge without any communication between the two. Someone other than Galen might have conducted experiments and found the true function of the brain. .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce , .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce .postImageUrl , .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce , .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce:hover , .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce:visited , .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce:active { border:0!important; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce:active , .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0a780358c4081dc1c6fe8493688195ce:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Seneca Falls EssayHowever, if that other scientist had not communicated that knowledge to the community of knowers, most other thinkers would not know the truth. Thus, if knowledge is not common and spread amongst the community, no advancement can be made as a whole. If only a select few people know the truth, there are still others who do not and continue to perpetuate false beliefs, and the community as a whole cannot make further advancement. Source: F. , Mark, Barry W. , and Michael A. Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain. 3. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2007. 5-7. Print.