Geography of Time Essay

The sixth chapter â€Å"Where is Life Faster† discusses differences between life tempos in different cultures trying to reveal in what culture life is the fastest. The author writes that it is very interesting for him to compare one culture to another because a lot of unknown facts contributing development of psychological studies will be identified. Authors’ comparison focuses on time and speed of life. Cultural tempo is argued to affect the quality of human life. Nevertheless, it may be tricky to compare different cultures because labeling individuals should have scientific or psychological basis. It is necessary to go beyond the boundaries in order to measure the tempo of life with accuracy and objectivity. The author finds it interesting to compare indicator of speed in working office in different countries. However, the research has failed as the author needed to find observable jobs and workers should be residents of particular country. Research at gas station has failed as well, because such businesses are not equivalent across countries. According to author’s research, the fastest countries are Japan and Western European countries. Western Europe has nine fastest countries and Japan is the only Asian countries with life tempo. The fist place in West Europe is given to Switzerland, whereas the second is given to Ireland. Ireland is characterized by the fastest walking speed, whereas Switzerland is characterized by the splendid findings. Surprisingly, New York hasn’t gained the highest scores as some workers in office move very slowly. In contrast, the slowest speed of life is observed in non-industrialized countries and it is the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. The slowest is claimed to be Brazil, Indonesia and Mexico. Daily life in these countries is very slow and Brazilians, for example, â€Å"not only expected the casual approach of life, but had abandoned any semblance to of fidelity to the clock†. (p. 136) In such a way the author shows that there are many ways to measure speed of life and the results shows that different cultures has their own life tempo. Further, the author compares Japan, the USA and Western Europe to identify which of the countries is La Dolce Vita. Much of European countries are characterized by opportunities to relax and in the pleasures of good life. Therefore, Levine suggests that La dolce Vita is easier for Europeans rather than for Asians and Africans. For example, Japanese work harder and have less time for relaxing. Europeans are claimed to live better than Americans. La Dolce Vita is welcomed in Italy as they try to balance hard work and leisure. It is necessary to underline that working week is longer in the USA than in most of European countries. However, Japan is characterized by the longest working week. For more than half a century the working week hasn’t been changed and it is argued that time for leisure is decreasing in the country and the nation has less time for themselves. In contrast, in Europe the tendency to work has been replaced by the tendency to relax. For example, without leisure workers in France are more irritating and nervous. Therefore, Western Europeans have more vacation time. For example, in France â€Å"workers by law receive at least five weeks and often six weeks of paid vacation†. (p. 143) When comparing countries examples of cultural differences are seen the most. However, speed of life varies across cities and regions of one country. It is true for the USA as well as the country is very large and each state has its own traditions and customs. The slightest geographical shifts are profound and for example, moving from Oklahoma to Texas is viewed as â€Å"entering France, say, out of Switzerland†. (p. 146) The author is willing to reveal whether there are differences between New York and other large cities. Research results demonstrate that Northeastern United States is viewed as fast-spaced, whereas Californians are more relaxed. Boston and New York are the fastest cities in the country, whereas Los-Angeles is claimed to be one of the slowest in the country. One of the biggest challenges was to measure accurately walking speed as in some regions it was hard to find any walkers at all.

Medical Examiner vs Coroner Essays

Medical Examiner vs Coroner Essays Medical Examiner vs Coroner Paper Medical Examiner vs Coroner Paper Next to the sheriff, the coroner or medical examiner is the oldest of the offices in the United States. Moreover, it is the oldest elective county office. The coroner or medical examiner is an ancient office of the common law. The principal function of medical examiner is to hold inquiry into the cause of an unexplained, sudden, or violent death, in certain cases with a jury. The importance of the coroner’s office has been considerably reduced from that of the fourteenth century, who had jurisdiction over a broad range of criminal cases and also over some civil proceedings. This paper is about the job of a present-day medical examiner also known as a coroner. Main Body The appointment, powers and duties of medical examiners vary to a large degree not only by country but by jurisdiction. In general, the medical examiner’s obligation is to make investigation of any sudden unexpected death, any death whose cause is not precisely determined and, surely, any death that may be abnormal. The medical examiner’s investigation is limited to determining the identity of the dead, in what way, at what time and in what place the death occurred, and the details required for entry in a register. In some states, however, the coroner has additional functions. For instance, in Georgia, the coroner has the powers and duties of a county sheriff. The coroner under certain circumstances (the sheriff is incompetent to act, the office of sheriff is made vacant by death or otherwise) may act as sheriff. In England and Wales, a present-day medical examiner must be either a person licensed to practise medicine or a lawyer of more than five years’ professional experience. Some medical examiners are qualified in two ways. In the United States, a present-day coroner is usually county-level officer that does not need necessarily to have any medical qualification. But in most states coroners are not necessarily medical examiners. Medical examiners are medical doctors who usually have practice in forensic pathology (An Overview of Medical Examiner/Coroner Systems in the United States 16). As indicated above, the medical examiner may investigate any death where there are uncertain matters about the circumstances or its cause. The deaths that should be reported to the medical examiner are as follows: The physician did not visit the patient during his last disease. The physician has not seen the patient during the specified amount of days directly prior to death. Physician has not seen the body after death. The death may have been caused by an industrial infection or violation of the person’s rights that caused him harm. Any sudden or not explained death. Any death in circumstances characterized by suspicion that something is wrong. Any death that an accident may have caused or in some way contributed to. Any indication that the death may be caused by neglect Any death that occurred in police custody Any death that occurred during an operation or anaesthetic. Medical examiner must acquire information about a person who is dead. Medical examiner obtains this information by conducting examinations, analysis of blood, analysis of DNA evidence, and analysis of documents associated with injury. The medical examiner determines the time and cause of death, and presents a formal death certificate and autopsy report. In case the death is concluded to be a murder, the information gathered by the medical examiner will serve as important evidence in the case. Nearly all deaths in the community are reported by the police, who are informed by the ambulance services when they are present at the scene of a sudden death. They also inform when crime is probable, a serious accident has taken place, or a body or remains, considered to be human, have been discovered. Any member of the community, who has suspicions about a death, may convey his feelings of anxiety to the medical examiner. Crime need not necessarily be suspected. It may also be a civil case, for instance a suspicion of medical negligence. The last is often reported by a relative or friend of the dead. When the accident has occurred, a medical examiner or representative of the medical examiner’s office picks up a deceased person from the site where he or she was discovered and brings the body back to the medical examiner’s office for examination (Hickman, M. J. et al. ). Much information is got through autopsies. When the medical examiner’s office orders an autopsy, it is usually performed by a pathologist. The pathologist’s report must be very detailed. A full account of the external appearances of the dead body must be presented. The information should include height, weight, and any distinctive features. After the autopsy is completed, the cause of death is determined. If the cause of death cannot be immediately made certain, or is unnatural, some delay is unavoidable, but attempts are made by medical examiner to keep this to a minimum. If, for instance, samples are directed for analysis in a case of possible drug overdose, the medical examiner will at most times open an inquest to take formal identification. In case medical examiner is sure that no further examination of the body is needed, he will issue an order for disposal (Rhine 1998). It is the duty of the medical examiner to hold an inquest when the conditions of time, place, etc. surrounding a death are of such a character as to make it seem likely to be a murder or other unlawful violet acts. In this case the medical examiner will refer the case to the court. The medical examiner enters on a list a jury, usually consisting of seven to eleven persons. When a medical examiner serves as a court officer, he or she presides over a court hearing that makes a decision regarding the cause of death and what should be done further. Conclusion As discussed in this paper, the medical examiner must investigate any death where there is uncertainty about the circumstances or its cause. For this purpose each medical examiner has an office, so that someone is always available to obtain required information. In addition, medical examiners employ the police as their investigative arm to gather evidence. Information presented by medical examiners is of great importance to any trial. References ‘An Overview of Medical Examiner/Coroner Systems in the United States-Development, Current Status, Issues, and Needs’, The National Academies: Forensic Science Needs Committee, Atlanta, GA. Available from: http://209. 85. 129. 132/search? q=cache:TDW1gjAjq7kJ:www7.nationalacademies. org/stl/June%2520Forensics%2520Hanzlick. pdf+Medical+Examiner/coronerhl=ukct=clnkcd=2gl=ua Hickman, M. J. et al. (2007). â€Å"Medical Examiners and Coroners’ Offices, 2004†, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, U. S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs. Available from: http://209. 85. 129. 132/search? q=cache:d-hXXdwBaHoJ:www. ojp. usdoj. gov/bjs/pub/pdf/meco04. pdf+Medical+Examiner/coroner+dutieshl=ukct=clnkcd=19gl=ua Rhine, S. (1998). Bone Voyage: A Journey in Forensic Anthropology. University of New Mexico Press: Albuquerque.

Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay Example

Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay Example Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay This paper aims to foremost, describe and analyze the political facets of hosting mega featuring on two major levels- national and international degrees. On the national degree, mega featuring events are able to further coaction among the populace sector, the private sector and the community. Such events are able to better authorities efficiency and used as a tool for the development of new thoughts such as environmental sustainability, diverseness and community engagement. Furthermore, such events can convey about urban transmutation, civic integrity and AIDSs in the edifice of both a national and a cultural individuality. At a more macro international degree, mega-sporting events can be used as a platform for the publicity of international human rights and societal justness and can function as a tool for the international acknowledgment of provinces. Second, this paper will analyse economic facets of hosting mega featuring event by analyzing the entire commercial activity within the state and by weighing the effects of the building of substructure for the mega clean event. In this section, the impacts of the commercial activity with regard to the touristry industry, the employment rate and foreign direct investings on the host state will be examined. Last, this paper seeks to analyze the success of India in hosting the recent XIX Commonwealth Games 2010. A successful mega-sporting event depends on the host s ability to program and put to death the event so that it is able to accomplish new degrees of planetary acknowledgment every bit good as important economic, political and societal development in the hereafter. Reasons for Hosting Mega Sporting Events Political Agendas In this section of the paper, the political docket for hosting mega-sporting events will be discussed on two distinguishable levels- national and international. National Level Civic Pride and Unity Hosting mega athletics events can take to civic pride[ 1 ]. It plays an of import function in the manner people in the host state view themselves and their community. It allows people in the host state to portion their experiences of life in the state and show values that are close to the bosom of the people populating in the state. The passion and committedness exhibited by these voluntaries will non be able to be matched by salaried workers employed to execute the same responsibilities. Volunteerism allows the people in the state to experience a sense of pride for their state. A society of voluntaries is indispensable to accomplishing the host state s vision of being an exciting planetary finish, which is vivacious, widely distributed, and at the same clip culturally rich and diverse. Hosting mega-sporting events can help the edifice of national individualities in some states such as South Africa by advancing societal integrating and furthering tolerance amongst the people. Sports can cut across barriers that divide the society, as in the instance of South Africa where football was seen to further societal coherence between the Whites and the Blacks. The permanent image of Nelson Mandela showing the Rugby World Cup Trophy to the Afrikaner captain Francois Pienaarin 1995 at the event held in South Africa[ 2 ]illustrates how mega-sporting events can convey intangible benefits such as coherence and integrity. Host states use mega-sporting events as a great chance to show a positive cultural image, successful integrating and traditional values in the international sphere with an purpose of increasing touristry in the hereafter. The most suited occasions to expose traditional activities picturing patriotism, Orientalism and cultural individuality in the games are the gap and shutting ceremonials[ 3 ]. At the 1982 Ninth Asiatic Games, the overall subject of the integrity in diverseness in Indian patriotism and civilization was the spirit of the ceremonials. There were shows of a assortment of terpsichoreans picturing the different provinces in India. ( Give more concrete grounds ) Urban Transformation Mega featuring events are accelerators of significant urban transmutation, peculiarly from passage from industrial metropolis to a post-industrial metropolis due to alterations in the planetary economic system[ 4 ]. States are more dependent on the service and touristry industry instead than the fabrication, local capital investing and public sector intercession due to globalisation, deregulating and deindustrialization of the economic system[ 5 ]. Therefore, more enterprises are being taken by the authorities to develop and better substructures and fast path the already proposed development programs. For illustration, Tokyo used the 1964 Olympic games as an chance to transform the metropolis from a congested, war-damaged pandemonium to a modern, comfortable city. Tokyo spent US $ 2.7 million in 1964 on an urban redevelopment program which included extended route betterments, seaport enlargements and development of urban comfortss, lodging, tourer adjustment and waste and sewerage di sposal systems. Among Tokyo s huge Olympic outgo, it was estimated that less than 3 % of the outgo was spent on the building of strictly competition related installations the bulk was alternatively spent on run intoing the metropolis s short term and long-run development programs[ 6 ]. International Strengthening of Global Image and Positioning Some states host mega featuring events as a tool to joint and signal key messages sing the host- a dynamic that extends beyond the province based chase of public diplomatic negotiations[ 7 ]. These signals are critical tools of legitimization for the host state in deriving support both domestically and internationally. The media and planetary communications have played an of import function in this facet by leting the event to be seen from all over the universe at any existent clip. By hosting mega-sporting events like the Olympics and the Commonwealth Games, the host states are provided with a low cost but high profile resource for publicising their policy on international issues or towards specific provinces. Semi peripheral states use mega-sporting events as a tool to signal developmental progresss. The Olympics held in Beijing in 2008 illustrate how mega featuring events played an highly of import function in International political relations. The Chinese saw the Olympics as less of a clean spectacle and more of a coming out party[ 8 ]. The mega sporting event was used as an chance for China to showcase its economic sciences and political development. In fact, the Prime Minister of the People s Republic of China, Wen Jiabao stated in an interview in April 2008 that the Beijing Olympics present an chance for China to demo the universe how democratic, unfastened, civilised, friendly and harmonious it is[ 9 ]. Hosting mega featuring events are besides used to signal decisive and desirable societal alteration. The 1995 Rugby World Cup in Africa played a important function in accommodating the inkinesss and the White persons in South Africa. In peculiar, it gave the Whites in South Africa an chance to encompass the symbols, leaders and thought of a new, multiracial, democratic state basically to finish the symbolic journey from the old to new South Africa[ 10 ]. Besides, the 2010 Football World Cup held late in South Africa shows the state s re-entry into the international community and its journey from a outcast province to a planetary mediator. Phase for the Promotion of International Human Rights and Social Justice States use mega-sporting events as a phase to advance international human right issues. This is particularly apparent during the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 when widespread protest and increased media attending showed how human rights issues were violated by the Chinese authorities. In the 1968 Mexico games, there were protest and menaces of boycotts against the apartheid government in South Africa. South Africa was besides banned from take parting in the games. The ejections of South Africa from the Games lead to international force per unit area of the anti-apartheid motion and athleticss countenances to be imposed on the state until the eventual autumn of the apartheid government. The mega sporting event was successful in the continued enforcement of South African countenances, keeping the anti-apartheid motion[ 11 ]. The clean event played an of import function in bring forthing international consciousness for the apartheid government against South Africa and besides helped bri ng on political and societal alteration within the state. Economic Consequences in the hosting of Mega Sporting Events In this section of the paper, the economic docket of hosting mega featuring events will be discussed in elaborate with regard to the entire commercial activity and the usage of the public financess for the edifice of substructures for the mega clean event. Entire Commercial Activity Tourism Industry The touristry industry will profit with the increasing media coverage given in concurrence with the hosting of such mega featuring event. Conservative surveies estimate addition in station Games tourists to be from 1.5 % to 3 % for the last Olympic Games in 2008[ 12 ]. This addition in the figure of station Games tourer is due to the media coverage of hosting such event. Viewing audiences of the mega sporting event are more likely to develop an involvement in sing the host state, which may take to a greater desire to see the state in the hereafter. The mega clean event gives the host state an chance to showcase itself to the universe as a prima metropolis for athleticss and a perfect locale for events every bit good as an attractive force worthy topographic point of repeated visits. On the other manus, a possible downside to hosting the event is the negative outwardnesss such a congestion may deter regular non-interested visitants from sing the metropolis during the event[ 13 ]. This will take to a autumn in the figure of people sing the state. Besides, if local eating houses and hotels are at full capacity, the event may merely replace instead than supplement the regular touristry industry[ 14 ]. For illustration, in the 2002 World cup held in South Korea, there was an addition in the figure of European visitants to the state but this was offset by a similar lessening in the figure of regular tourers and concern travellers from Japan who chose to avoid the fusss.[ 15 ]There were no alteration in the entire figure of foreign visitants sing the state and the figure was dead at 460 000. This shows a contradiction to the belief that mega featuring events pull big figure of visitants to the host state. Employment Rate Mega featuring events can ensue in an addition in the employment rate of the state. New occupations are created in assorted facets of the featuring event runing from conveyance to building industry. For illustration, it was predicted that the Olympic games held in Atlanta and Sydney would bring forth every bit many as 77 000 and 100 000 new occupations severally. However, states need to be cautioned to hold labour militias so as to avoid the hazard of destructing the economic system. It may turn out risky for little economic systems holding full employment rates to host mega featuring events as it can take to the job of rising prices and this will in bend cause the economic system to deteriorate. Foreign Direct Investments Hosting mega-sporting events can pull foreign direct investings in both the private and public sector from transnational companies. Many transnational corporations are attracted to states with sophisticated substructure with a safe and pleasant ambiance. These foreign direct investings will profit the host state in footings of productive factors such as marketing know-how, preparation installations and technological expertness. The host state will besides profit from the spill over effects such as labour preparation, upgrading of production accomplishments and motive of local constituent providers, stimulation to competition and development of managerial accomplishments and cognition about the foreign markets[ 16 ]. All these accomplishments will work together to increase the fight of the host metropolis. The consequence of the building of substructure Mega Sporting Events requires the host state to put big amounts of money in the building of featuring spheres, which may be used by the authorities otherwise to better wellness attention installations and the instruction system. For the 2002 Fifa World Cup, South Korea invested an estimated $ 2 billion dollars in the building of 10 new bowls and Japan spent $ 4 billion dollars in constructing seven new bowls and renovating three bing 1s[ 17 ]. The extent to which these installations and substructures are used in the hereafter is highly of import, as the demand is likely to diminish well after the mega-sporting event and there is a inclination for these substructures to go white elephants . For illustration, after the 2002 World Cup, merely five out of the 10 new bowls had regular renters. Besides, immense sum of money is invested in keeping the substructures. Therefore, it is necessary for the host state to weigh its benefits and cost before make up ones minding to host the mega cl ean event. An Analysis: The XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Having described the grounds for states to host mega featuring events, it is now imperative that these grounds be analyzed in the context of the XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 ( CWG ) held late in India. In its command for the Commonwealth Games, Delhi s purpose was chiefly to excite economic growing and development and at the same clip better the metropolis s substructure[ 18 ]. In this section of the paper, the success of the Games will be assessed on whether the purposes of the host state have been fulfilled based on the undermentioned variables: Making a Permanent Bequest Focus on Post Event Legacy Strategy Alignment It is indispensable for states hosting mega-sporting events to implement enterprises that leave a long term sustainable benefit tailored for the Games. In this facet, one of vision of the CWG forming commission was a clear green vision to endeavor towards cut downing C footmark and going the sustainable development benchmark for multi-disciplinary games in the hereafter [ 19 ]. They implemented many strategic enterprises such as edifice Green infrastructures, holding Green ceremonials and cordial reception and at the same clip initiated a assortment of green procurance policies to make consciousness of the environmental debasement and advance environmental motions. A green concerts were held to bring forth public involvement in the Games, sensitise them about the Green Games subject and at the same clip to bring on the populace to back up its Low Carbon Campaign . The populace was encouraged to take pledges to protect the environment and badges advancing GO GREEN, IT WORKS! were distributed to promote the people to make their portion in caring for the environment[ 20 ]. Social Development Ideally, a successful mega featuring event is one that provides benefits economic, political and societal to a assortment of stakeholders. However, this was nt the instance in the Commonwealth Games. It was reported that kids of over 400,000 building workers at the Games sites are deprived of basic rights like sanitation, schooling and health care[ 21 ]. It is of import that these kids are given their constitutional rights by the authorities in their effort to supply first substructure for the Commonwealth games. Many of the hapless are marginalized as a consequence of the CWG because slums near the Yamuna part where the site of the CWG is at have been demolished. It is estimated that 30 000 to 40 000 households will be displaced by the authorities as a consequence of the CWG[ 22 ]. Infrastructure In order for a mega featuring event to be successful, it is of import that the event fits into the metropolis s development end. A bequest of abandoned substructure and economic ruins tarnishes the image of the host state. In the facet, the Commonwealth Games will profit the people in India to a big extent in the hereafter. Delhi went through a monolithic transmutation with the edifice of a new airdrome terminus, building of more tube paths and the add-on of new coachs to ease the conveyance system within the metropolis for both the locals and tourers. In add-on, new overpass and subwaies was besides built at an estimated cost of RS. 1650 Crores to work out the traffic congestion jobs that the state presently face. However, there is a concern that there will be an underutilization of the sporting substructure station event. Many of the bowls will be vacant and it will be particularly hard to derive entree to the bowl since many of it is authorities owned. Constructing a wide base of Support Hosting a successful mega-sporting event requires the state to hold strong: Common Goal It is of import for the general populace, concern organisations and the authorities to supply a individual voice and a common end for the state so that the best of the state can be presented to a planetary audience. India s determination to offer for the Commonwealth Games was non-transparent and undemocratic[ 23 ]. The CWG was used as an effort by the authorities to inspire an elect goaded plan of urban transmutation that focuses on denationalization, secularisation and buildings of memorials to amour propre. It is dissatisfactory how India s effort to derive national prestigiousness undermined the urban societal motions in India. Government Support Fiscal Guarantees The authorities demand to be a surety for fiscal duties and liabilities related to the event for the mega-sporting event to be successful. The authorities has to do usage of their resources sagely to efficaciously do the event successful due to the immense sum of money involved. In this facet, the Commonwealth Games 2010 can be deemed as a complete failure. First, the authorities did non do usage of their resources expeditiously. The authorities for the mega sporting event used 1000000s of dollars, which were irrelevant to the common adult male in India alternatively of utilizing it for societal development plans and bettering the instruction and healthcare systems in the state. It is of import for the authorities to maintain in head that the money invested in such events comes from public financess and the event should so profit the populace it derives capital from, non curtailing itself to the elite rich minority, while at the same time guaranting that it does no injury to the community[ 24 ]. Second, there were widespread corruptness in assorted facets of forming the event including the procurance and awarding of contracts for the building of the games venue. For illustration, the Commonwealth Games forming commission after probe of fiscal abnormalities charged TS Darbari and deputy manager general Sanjay Mahendroo. Security The authorities needs to play a critical function in maintaining the people safe and the occupation of acquiring the jocks, support staff and protagonists in and out of the state with optimum security. . Mega featuring events, due to their turning visibleness and importance, have become a major mark for terrorists and other riotous forces. Security inquiries emerged after gunslingers who fired on a tourer coach in New Delhi two hebdomads before the games injured two visitants from Taiwan[ 25 ]. The Indian authorities have invested around 370 Crores on security[ 26 ]. The Indian Government liaised with assorted cardinal security bureaus within India and all predicating states in the mega event to increase the degree of security. Particular monitoring security with the electronic surveillance like CCTV, X-Ray luggage scanner was besides placed on the relevant places to look into out the perturbation and problem. The authorities should be applauded for their efforts in undertaking this security issues. Economic Development Tourism Rate There have been a dip in the umber of tourer sing the metropolis due to hapless selling by the Tourism Department and the CWG Organizers and due to negative media coverage environing the Commonwealth Games along with Dengue and inundations menace. The authorities had estimated that one million tourers would get at the CWG but merely 75606 tourers turned up. This caused an inauspicious impact on the hotel and service industry. Employment Rate The employment rate have increased in turn in the development and edifice of substructure in Delhi in readying for the CWG. The edifice of the CWG substructure has involved a great figure of contractors, building companies and day-to-day pay earners. Even after the CWG, occupations are still secured due to the direction and care of the substructure, in peculiar the athletics locales and bowls. The CWG has helped in increasing our employment rate by 1.1 million and this will stay even after the Games[ 27 ]. Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investments On this facet, it is excessively shortly to reason if India have gained or loosed because it has merely been one month since the CWG. However, it can be concluded that Delhi will profit. Delhi has a presence of good connectivity, which allows the metropolis to be linked with other economically vivacious metropoliss in the state. There is a high literacy rate within the population and many of them are extremely entrepreneurial. Due to good connectivity, the metropolis has the possible to pull private developers and foreign direct investings in the lodging and substructure sectors Decision The Commonwealth Games was non much a failure as many critics have said it to be. The Games went swimmingly and the state was able to profit from the substructures built such as the enhanced conveyance system and the occupations created. However, there were many other facets that were non as successful- there was corruptness charges against some members of the authorities and there was a deficiency of societal development in the state. Besides, the state was unable to cast the underdeveloped state label due to many controversial issues that arose before and during the Games.

The US Federal Minimum Wage

The US Federal Minimum Wage What is the current U.S. federal minimum wage? The answer to that question can be trickier than you might think.While the current US federal minimum wage was last set at $7.25 per hour on July 24, 2009, your age, type of employment, even where you live can alter the legal minimum hourly wage your employer is required to pay. What is the  Federal Minimum Wage Law? The federal minimum wage is established by and regulated under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (the FLSA). In its final form, the act applied to industries whose combined employment represented only about one-fifth of the US labor force. In these industries, it banned oppressive child labor and set the minimum hourly wage at 25 cents, and the maximum workweek at 44 hours. Who Must Pay the Federal Minimum Wage? Today, the minimum wage law (the FLSA) applies to employees of enterprises that do at least $500,000 in business a year. It also applies to employees of smaller firms if the employees are engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for commerce, such as employees who work in transportation or communications or who regularly use the mails or telephones for interstate communications. It also applies to employees of federal, state or local government agencies, hospitals and schools, and it generally applies to domestic workers. Details of the Federal Minimum Wage The following details apply only to the the federal minimum wage, your state may have its own minimum wage rates and laws. In cases where state minimum wage rates differ with the federal rate, the higher minimum wage rate always applies.Current Federal Minimum Wage: $7.25 per hour (as of July 24, 2009) may vary under the following conditions: Younger Workers: If you are under 20 years of age, you may be paid as little as $4.25 per hour during your first 90 consecutive calendar days of employment. Students, Apprentices and the Disabled: Certain full-time students, student learners, apprentices, and workers with disabilities may be paid less than the minimum wage under special certificates issued by the US Department of Labor. Workers Who Earn Tips: Employers who allow workers to keep tips must pay a cash minimum wage of at least $2.13 per hour IF they claim a tip credit against their federal minimum wage obligation of $7.25 per hour. In other words, if your tips plus cash wages do not equal at least $7.25 per hour, your employer must make up the difference. Overtime Pay: Federal law requires payment of at least 1-and-1/2 times your regular rate of pay for all hours worked over 40 in a workweek. Child Labor: An employee must be at least 16 years old to work in most non-farm jobs and at least 18 to work in non-farm jobs declared hazardous by the Secretary of Labor.Persons 14 and 15 years old are allowed to work before or after school in some non-manufacturing, non-mining and non-hazardous jobs IF: They work no more than - 3 hours on a school day or 18 hours in a school week; 8 hours on a non-school day or 40 hours in a non-school week. Work may not begin before 7 a.m. or end after 7 p.m., except from June 1 through Labor Day, when evening hours are extended to 9 p.m. Different rules apply in agricultural employment. Other Special Exemptions: Under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA), executive, administrative, professional, and outside sales employees are exempted from the minimum wage and overtime requirements of the FLSA, provided they meet certain tests regarding job duties and responsibilities and are compensated on a salary basis. Minimum Wages in the States By law, states are allowed to establish their own minimum wages and regulations. However, anytime the state minimum wage differs from the federal minimum wage, the higher rate applies. For specifics and updates on the minimum wages and regulations in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, see: Minimum Wage Laws in the States from the U.S. Department of Labor. Enforcement of the Federal Minimum Wage Law The Wage and Hour Division of the U.S. Department of Labor administers and enforces the Fair Labor Standards Act and, thus, the minimum wage with respect to private employment, State and local government employment, and Federal employees of the Library of Congress, U.S. Postal Service, Postal Rate Commission, and the Tennessee Valley Authority. The FLSA is enforced by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management for employees of other Executive Branch agencies, and by the U.S. Congress for covered employees of the Legislative Branch.Special rules apply to state and local government employment involving fire protection and law enforcement activities, volunteer services, and compensatory time off instead of cash overtime pay.For information on enforcement of state minimum wages and other state labor laws, see: State Labor Offices/State Laws, from the US Department of Labor. To Report Suspected Violations Suspected violations are abuses of federal or state minimum wage laws should be reported directly to District Office of the U.S. Wage and Hour Division nearest you. For addresses and phone numbers, see: Wage and Hour Division District Office LocationsFederal law prohibits discriminating against or discharging workers who file a complaint or participate in any proceedings under the Fair Labor Standards Act.

Electronic Surveillance of Employees Research Paper

Electronic Surveillance of Employees - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that to keep personal confidential information of a person intact and should not be disclosed to any other irrelevant person shall come under the purview of Privacy. The disclosure of such information may cause emotional distress to a person whose information is kept in confidence. In order to monitor the activities of a person or place to detect discreet activities through electronic devices like cameras, video cameras, tape recorders, microphones, and wiretaps come under the category of surveillance through electronic means. The identified instruments can be utilized in a competent court of law as evidence against violators. Multinational Corporations and corporations of repute use electronic surveillance system to ensure foolproof security and safety within their administrative jurisdiction. An employee can expect privacy at least in those places where hidden cameras or microphones are not fitted such as kitchen, dining room, washroom, s moking corner or petty stationary stores. Employees should know what is permissible and what is not permissible for them in accordance with employer’s privacy policy. Initially, the employer and the employee must have signed the document of the privacy policy to be complied in letter and spirit by the stakeholders. In fact, the employee has given the liberty or the rights to monitor his/her activities whether his/her activities are purely professional or personal. Non-compliance with privacy policy surely invites the displeasure of the management. In the United States of America, Electronic Communication Privacy Act (ECPA) 1986 has given the rights to the employers to monitor job-related conversations of its employees. By virtue of this act, employers enjoy complete freedom to listen incoming and outgoing calls. It hardly takes a minute or two to decide whether the calls so received or dispatched are personal or job related. With this freedom employer can measure the employee ’s sincerity and integrity with the company besides his/her professional competence. The prerogative to differentiate the incoming and outgoing calls of employees still lies with the employer and not with the employee (Lyon, 1994). 2- In this modern age and time, one cannot deny the benefits of technological advancement to prevent any unpleasant situation. By dint of computer technology, it is easy to monitor the activities of any employee by the employer at his/her workplace even at a remote location. Many of the employers allow their employees to have an access on the social sites of Internet. To keep the company environment friendly, the employer should provide space at work place for a chat where one can not disturb him or their conversation may not come out of the space to invite others attention (Mishra & Crampton, 1998). This will definitely improve the performance of a company since unnecessary strictness on the employees may have an adverse impact on their job relate d activities. We cannot deny the fact that â€Å"Happy laborers work more†.  

The effect of economic crisis to the marketing strategy of Volkswagen Literature review - 2

The effect of economic crisis to the marketing strategy of Volkswagen in Asian market. The case of Vietnam - Literature review Example inancial crisis on the automotive industry in general and a special note on its impact on the automotive industry in Vietnam’s automotive sector have been included. Research Methodology: The study is about evaluating the effect of economic crisis to the marketing strategy of Volkswagen in Asian market. Now to accomplish the objectives of the study positivism approach has been chosen. In addition, the research design chosen for this study is cross-sectional design approach. Now based on the research questions and research design questionnaire has been selected as the data collection instrument. Findings and Analysis: The aim of the study was to uncover the impact of economic crisis to the marketing strategy of Volkswagen in Asian market. The study revealed that in the global perspective, the company has been able to increase its overall sales volume. In the year 2010 the company has been able to deliver, 7,139,472 cars, but in the year 2011, it increase to 8,160,154 resulting in a 14.3 % growth. In the Asia-Pacific region Volkswagen has been able to deliver 2,140,698 cars in 2010 and in 2011 the company has been able to sell 2,569,765 cars resulting in a staggering 20 % growth. Recommendation: In order to deal effectively with the ongoing issue of financial crisis, the company should reduce its operating cost and marketing cost. It is highly recommended to the company that they should try to integrate more features to their current product portfolio. To create a balance between the net revenue and net expenses, Volkswagen, Vietnam needs to carry out certain cost cutting activities. The company should consider outsourcing different segments of the business to third parties. The economic crisis has affected the automotive industry significantly. In the year 2007 the industry faced the heat of subprime meltdown due to issues related to valuation, in 2008 crisis resulted due to structural and solvency problems in the financial sectors, and in 2009 the disintegrate

#6 Dew Point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

#6 Dew Point - Essay Example The dew point is a recommended indicator of the actual water vapor content of the air because variations in atmospheric pressure at the earth’s surface are quite minimal. Dew point is measured by an instrument called a Dew Point Meter. These instruments have a polished metal mirror which is cooled as air passes over it (Hens 2007). Essentially, the dew point is determined by finding out the temperature at which dew forms. These manual devices may also be used to standardize other types of instruments that measure humidity. Moreover, automatic sensors may be utilized in a control loop where a humidifier or a dehumidifier is used to manage the dew point of the air in a building or in smaller spaces used for manufacturing processes (Hens, 2007). A high dew point indicates that the air has high water vapor content while a low dew point indicates that the air has low water vapor content. When the air has high water vapor content and, correspondingly, a high dew point, it is said that the air is humid and people are most likely uncomfortable with such situations. This is because a person’s body is designed to use the evaporation of sweat to cool itself down during warm temperatures. However, evaporation largely depends on how much moisture the air already contains and how much more it can hold (Sills 2010). Thus, if the air is already saturated, a person’s sweat will no longer evaporate and so that person ends up sweating profusely. At certain cases where dew point is quite elevated, people suffering from respiratory ailments like asthma may even be in grave danger. The dew point is considered to be an important indicator of the atmosphere’s condition. It affects the living conditions of humans and animals alike and thus, it must be monitored closely using accurate instruments in order to provide necessary and appropriate advice to those who might need