Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay Example

Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay Example Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay Political Aspects Of Hosting Mega Sporting Management Essay Essay This paper aims to foremost, describe and analyze the political facets of hosting mega featuring on two major levels- national and international degrees. On the national degree, mega featuring events are able to further coaction among the populace sector, the private sector and the community. Such events are able to better authorities efficiency and used as a tool for the development of new thoughts such as environmental sustainability, diverseness and community engagement. Furthermore, such events can convey about urban transmutation, civic integrity and AIDSs in the edifice of both a national and a cultural individuality. At a more macro international degree, mega-sporting events can be used as a platform for the publicity of international human rights and societal justness and can function as a tool for the international acknowledgment of provinces. Second, this paper will analyse economic facets of hosting mega featuring event by analyzing the entire commercial activity within the state and by weighing the effects of the building of substructure for the mega clean event. In this section, the impacts of the commercial activity with regard to the touristry industry, the employment rate and foreign direct investings on the host state will be examined. Last, this paper seeks to analyze the success of India in hosting the recent XIX Commonwealth Games 2010. A successful mega-sporting event depends on the host s ability to program and put to death the event so that it is able to accomplish new degrees of planetary acknowledgment every bit good as important economic, political and societal development in the hereafter. Reasons for Hosting Mega Sporting Events Political Agendas In this section of the paper, the political docket for hosting mega-sporting events will be discussed on two distinguishable levels- national and international. National Level Civic Pride and Unity Hosting mega athletics events can take to civic pride[ 1 ]. It plays an of import function in the manner people in the host state view themselves and their community. It allows people in the host state to portion their experiences of life in the state and show values that are close to the bosom of the people populating in the state. The passion and committedness exhibited by these voluntaries will non be able to be matched by salaried workers employed to execute the same responsibilities. Volunteerism allows the people in the state to experience a sense of pride for their state. A society of voluntaries is indispensable to accomplishing the host state s vision of being an exciting planetary finish, which is vivacious, widely distributed, and at the same clip culturally rich and diverse. Hosting mega-sporting events can help the edifice of national individualities in some states such as South Africa by advancing societal integrating and furthering tolerance amongst the people. Sports can cut across barriers that divide the society, as in the instance of South Africa where football was seen to further societal coherence between the Whites and the Blacks. The permanent image of Nelson Mandela showing the Rugby World Cup Trophy to the Afrikaner captain Francois Pienaarin 1995 at the event held in South Africa[ 2 ]illustrates how mega-sporting events can convey intangible benefits such as coherence and integrity. Host states use mega-sporting events as a great chance to show a positive cultural image, successful integrating and traditional values in the international sphere with an purpose of increasing touristry in the hereafter. The most suited occasions to expose traditional activities picturing patriotism, Orientalism and cultural individuality in the games are the gap and shutting ceremonials[ 3 ]. At the 1982 Ninth Asiatic Games, the overall subject of the integrity in diverseness in Indian patriotism and civilization was the spirit of the ceremonials. There were shows of a assortment of terpsichoreans picturing the different provinces in India. ( Give more concrete grounds ) Urban Transformation Mega featuring events are accelerators of significant urban transmutation, peculiarly from passage from industrial metropolis to a post-industrial metropolis due to alterations in the planetary economic system[ 4 ]. States are more dependent on the service and touristry industry instead than the fabrication, local capital investing and public sector intercession due to globalisation, deregulating and deindustrialization of the economic system[ 5 ]. Therefore, more enterprises are being taken by the authorities to develop and better substructures and fast path the already proposed development programs. For illustration, Tokyo used the 1964 Olympic games as an chance to transform the metropolis from a congested, war-damaged pandemonium to a modern, comfortable city. Tokyo spent US $ 2.7 million in 1964 on an urban redevelopment program which included extended route betterments, seaport enlargements and development of urban comfortss, lodging, tourer adjustment and waste and sewerage di sposal systems. Among Tokyo s huge Olympic outgo, it was estimated that less than 3 % of the outgo was spent on the building of strictly competition related installations the bulk was alternatively spent on run intoing the metropolis s short term and long-run development programs[ 6 ]. International Strengthening of Global Image and Positioning Some states host mega featuring events as a tool to joint and signal key messages sing the host- a dynamic that extends beyond the province based chase of public diplomatic negotiations[ 7 ]. These signals are critical tools of legitimization for the host state in deriving support both domestically and internationally. The media and planetary communications have played an of import function in this facet by leting the event to be seen from all over the universe at any existent clip. By hosting mega-sporting events like the Olympics and the Commonwealth Games, the host states are provided with a low cost but high profile resource for publicising their policy on international issues or towards specific provinces. Semi peripheral states use mega-sporting events as a tool to signal developmental progresss. The Olympics held in Beijing in 2008 illustrate how mega featuring events played an highly of import function in International political relations. The Chinese saw the Olympics as less of a clean spectacle and more of a coming out party[ 8 ]. The mega sporting event was used as an chance for China to showcase its economic sciences and political development. In fact, the Prime Minister of the People s Republic of China, Wen Jiabao stated in an interview in April 2008 that the Beijing Olympics present an chance for China to demo the universe how democratic, unfastened, civilised, friendly and harmonious it is[ 9 ]. Hosting mega featuring events are besides used to signal decisive and desirable societal alteration. The 1995 Rugby World Cup in Africa played a important function in accommodating the inkinesss and the White persons in South Africa. In peculiar, it gave the Whites in South Africa an chance to encompass the symbols, leaders and thought of a new, multiracial, democratic state basically to finish the symbolic journey from the old to new South Africa[ 10 ]. Besides, the 2010 Football World Cup held late in South Africa shows the state s re-entry into the international community and its journey from a outcast province to a planetary mediator. Phase for the Promotion of International Human Rights and Social Justice States use mega-sporting events as a phase to advance international human right issues. This is particularly apparent during the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008 when widespread protest and increased media attending showed how human rights issues were violated by the Chinese authorities. In the 1968 Mexico games, there were protest and menaces of boycotts against the apartheid government in South Africa. South Africa was besides banned from take parting in the games. The ejections of South Africa from the Games lead to international force per unit area of the anti-apartheid motion and athleticss countenances to be imposed on the state until the eventual autumn of the apartheid government. The mega sporting event was successful in the continued enforcement of South African countenances, keeping the anti-apartheid motion[ 11 ]. The clean event played an of import function in bring forthing international consciousness for the apartheid government against South Africa and besides helped bri ng on political and societal alteration within the state. Economic Consequences in the hosting of Mega Sporting Events In this section of the paper, the economic docket of hosting mega featuring events will be discussed in elaborate with regard to the entire commercial activity and the usage of the public financess for the edifice of substructures for the mega clean event. Entire Commercial Activity Tourism Industry The touristry industry will profit with the increasing media coverage given in concurrence with the hosting of such mega featuring event. Conservative surveies estimate addition in station Games tourists to be from 1.5 % to 3 % for the last Olympic Games in 2008[ 12 ]. This addition in the figure of station Games tourer is due to the media coverage of hosting such event. Viewing audiences of the mega sporting event are more likely to develop an involvement in sing the host state, which may take to a greater desire to see the state in the hereafter. The mega clean event gives the host state an chance to showcase itself to the universe as a prima metropolis for athleticss and a perfect locale for events every bit good as an attractive force worthy topographic point of repeated visits. On the other manus, a possible downside to hosting the event is the negative outwardnesss such a congestion may deter regular non-interested visitants from sing the metropolis during the event[ 13 ]. This will take to a autumn in the figure of people sing the state. Besides, if local eating houses and hotels are at full capacity, the event may merely replace instead than supplement the regular touristry industry[ 14 ]. For illustration, in the 2002 World cup held in South Korea, there was an addition in the figure of European visitants to the state but this was offset by a similar lessening in the figure of regular tourers and concern travellers from Japan who chose to avoid the fusss.[ 15 ]There were no alteration in the entire figure of foreign visitants sing the state and the figure was dead at 460 000. This shows a contradiction to the belief that mega featuring events pull big figure of visitants to the host state. Employment Rate Mega featuring events can ensue in an addition in the employment rate of the state. New occupations are created in assorted facets of the featuring event runing from conveyance to building industry. For illustration, it was predicted that the Olympic games held in Atlanta and Sydney would bring forth every bit many as 77 000 and 100 000 new occupations severally. However, states need to be cautioned to hold labour militias so as to avoid the hazard of destructing the economic system. It may turn out risky for little economic systems holding full employment rates to host mega featuring events as it can take to the job of rising prices and this will in bend cause the economic system to deteriorate. Foreign Direct Investments Hosting mega-sporting events can pull foreign direct investings in both the private and public sector from transnational companies. Many transnational corporations are attracted to states with sophisticated substructure with a safe and pleasant ambiance. These foreign direct investings will profit the host state in footings of productive factors such as marketing know-how, preparation installations and technological expertness. The host state will besides profit from the spill over effects such as labour preparation, upgrading of production accomplishments and motive of local constituent providers, stimulation to competition and development of managerial accomplishments and cognition about the foreign markets[ 16 ]. All these accomplishments will work together to increase the fight of the host metropolis. The consequence of the building of substructure Mega Sporting Events requires the host state to put big amounts of money in the building of featuring spheres, which may be used by the authorities otherwise to better wellness attention installations and the instruction system. For the 2002 Fifa World Cup, South Korea invested an estimated $ 2 billion dollars in the building of 10 new bowls and Japan spent $ 4 billion dollars in constructing seven new bowls and renovating three bing 1s[ 17 ]. The extent to which these installations and substructures are used in the hereafter is highly of import, as the demand is likely to diminish well after the mega-sporting event and there is a inclination for these substructures to go white elephants . For illustration, after the 2002 World Cup, merely five out of the 10 new bowls had regular renters. Besides, immense sum of money is invested in keeping the substructures. Therefore, it is necessary for the host state to weigh its benefits and cost before make up ones minding to host the mega cl ean event. An Analysis: The XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Having described the grounds for states to host mega featuring events, it is now imperative that these grounds be analyzed in the context of the XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 ( CWG ) held late in India. In its command for the Commonwealth Games, Delhi s purpose was chiefly to excite economic growing and development and at the same clip better the metropolis s substructure[ 18 ]. In this section of the paper, the success of the Games will be assessed on whether the purposes of the host state have been fulfilled based on the undermentioned variables: Making a Permanent Bequest Focus on Post Event Legacy Strategy Alignment It is indispensable for states hosting mega-sporting events to implement enterprises that leave a long term sustainable benefit tailored for the Games. In this facet, one of vision of the CWG forming commission was a clear green vision to endeavor towards cut downing C footmark and going the sustainable development benchmark for multi-disciplinary games in the hereafter [ 19 ]. They implemented many strategic enterprises such as edifice Green infrastructures, holding Green ceremonials and cordial reception and at the same clip initiated a assortment of green procurance policies to make consciousness of the environmental debasement and advance environmental motions. A green concerts were held to bring forth public involvement in the Games, sensitise them about the Green Games subject and at the same clip to bring on the populace to back up its Low Carbon Campaign . The populace was encouraged to take pledges to protect the environment and badges advancing GO GREEN, IT WORKS! were distributed to promote the people to make their portion in caring for the environment[ 20 ]. Social Development Ideally, a successful mega featuring event is one that provides benefits economic, political and societal to a assortment of stakeholders. However, this was nt the instance in the Commonwealth Games. It was reported that kids of over 400,000 building workers at the Games sites are deprived of basic rights like sanitation, schooling and health care[ 21 ]. It is of import that these kids are given their constitutional rights by the authorities in their effort to supply first substructure for the Commonwealth games. Many of the hapless are marginalized as a consequence of the CWG because slums near the Yamuna part where the site of the CWG is at have been demolished. It is estimated that 30 000 to 40 000 households will be displaced by the authorities as a consequence of the CWG[ 22 ]. Infrastructure In order for a mega featuring event to be successful, it is of import that the event fits into the metropolis s development end. A bequest of abandoned substructure and economic ruins tarnishes the image of the host state. In the facet, the Commonwealth Games will profit the people in India to a big extent in the hereafter. Delhi went through a monolithic transmutation with the edifice of a new airdrome terminus, building of more tube paths and the add-on of new coachs to ease the conveyance system within the metropolis for both the locals and tourers. In add-on, new overpass and subwaies was besides built at an estimated cost of RS. 1650 Crores to work out the traffic congestion jobs that the state presently face. However, there is a concern that there will be an underutilization of the sporting substructure station event. Many of the bowls will be vacant and it will be particularly hard to derive entree to the bowl since many of it is authorities owned. Constructing a wide base of Support Hosting a successful mega-sporting event requires the state to hold strong: Common Goal It is of import for the general populace, concern organisations and the authorities to supply a individual voice and a common end for the state so that the best of the state can be presented to a planetary audience. India s determination to offer for the Commonwealth Games was non-transparent and undemocratic[ 23 ]. The CWG was used as an effort by the authorities to inspire an elect goaded plan of urban transmutation that focuses on denationalization, secularisation and buildings of memorials to amour propre. It is dissatisfactory how India s effort to derive national prestigiousness undermined the urban societal motions in India. Government Support Fiscal Guarantees The authorities demand to be a surety for fiscal duties and liabilities related to the event for the mega-sporting event to be successful. The authorities has to do usage of their resources sagely to efficaciously do the event successful due to the immense sum of money involved. In this facet, the Commonwealth Games 2010 can be deemed as a complete failure. First, the authorities did non do usage of their resources expeditiously. The authorities for the mega sporting event used 1000000s of dollars, which were irrelevant to the common adult male in India alternatively of utilizing it for societal development plans and bettering the instruction and healthcare systems in the state. It is of import for the authorities to maintain in head that the money invested in such events comes from public financess and the event should so profit the populace it derives capital from, non curtailing itself to the elite rich minority, while at the same time guaranting that it does no injury to the community[ 24 ]. Second, there were widespread corruptness in assorted facets of forming the event including the procurance and awarding of contracts for the building of the games venue. For illustration, the Commonwealth Games forming commission after probe of fiscal abnormalities charged TS Darbari and deputy manager general Sanjay Mahendroo. Security The authorities needs to play a critical function in maintaining the people safe and the occupation of acquiring the jocks, support staff and protagonists in and out of the state with optimum security. . Mega featuring events, due to their turning visibleness and importance, have become a major mark for terrorists and other riotous forces. Security inquiries emerged after gunslingers who fired on a tourer coach in New Delhi two hebdomads before the games injured two visitants from Taiwan[ 25 ]. The Indian authorities have invested around 370 Crores on security[ 26 ]. The Indian Government liaised with assorted cardinal security bureaus within India and all predicating states in the mega event to increase the degree of security. Particular monitoring security with the electronic surveillance like CCTV, X-Ray luggage scanner was besides placed on the relevant places to look into out the perturbation and problem. The authorities should be applauded for their efforts in undertaking this security issues. Economic Development Tourism Rate There have been a dip in the umber of tourer sing the metropolis due to hapless selling by the Tourism Department and the CWG Organizers and due to negative media coverage environing the Commonwealth Games along with Dengue and inundations menace. The authorities had estimated that one million tourers would get at the CWG but merely 75606 tourers turned up. This caused an inauspicious impact on the hotel and service industry. Employment Rate The employment rate have increased in turn in the development and edifice of substructure in Delhi in readying for the CWG. The edifice of the CWG substructure has involved a great figure of contractors, building companies and day-to-day pay earners. Even after the CWG, occupations are still secured due to the direction and care of the substructure, in peculiar the athletics locales and bowls. The CWG has helped in increasing our employment rate by 1.1 million and this will stay even after the Games[ 27 ]. Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investments On this facet, it is excessively shortly to reason if India have gained or loosed because it has merely been one month since the CWG. However, it can be concluded that Delhi will profit. Delhi has a presence of good connectivity, which allows the metropolis to be linked with other economically vivacious metropoliss in the state. There is a high literacy rate within the population and many of them are extremely entrepreneurial. Due to good connectivity, the metropolis has the possible to pull private developers and foreign direct investings in the lodging and substructure sectors Decision The Commonwealth Games was non much a failure as many critics have said it to be. The Games went swimmingly and the state was able to profit from the substructures built such as the enhanced conveyance system and the occupations created. However, there were many other facets that were non as successful- there was corruptness charges against some members of the authorities and there was a deficiency of societal development in the state. Besides, the state was unable to cast the underdeveloped state label due to many controversial issues that arose before and during the Games.